The 2011 edition of British Defence Doctrine (BDD)[4] states and explains the principles with the following preface: “Principles of War guide commanders and their staffs in the planning and conduct of warfare. This short commentary is written as a personal view to explore British Principles of War and whether they are being appropriately applied in 21st Century UK Defence Policy and Planning. Selection and Maintenance of the Aim. Napoléon was a keen follower of famous military generals of the past, who influenced his thoughts greatly. The tenth principle, added later, was originally called Administration. Although apparent conflicts between principles are recognized-mass and security for example-we teach that a principle should be violated or disregarded only after mature consideration of all factors involved. The English Bill of Rights (1689) gave Parliament the control of the army that it maintains today. Strategic Review, Defence Command Paper et al – a reflection, a curate’s egg but which side came out top? Variations exist and differences are minor and semantic or reflect a cultural persuasion for a particular approach. Both German military leadership and Hitler, himself, knew Clausewitz well and considered his principles enduring. In 1920, these were formalized in British Army doctrine, and the following year, the U.S. Army adopted them, although adding a ninth — simplicity. The Canadian Armed Forces principles of war/military science are defined by the Royal Military College of Canada or Canadian Forces College Web Site to focus on principles of command, principles of war, operational art and campaign planning, and scientific principles. ADP Land Operations is the British Army’s core doctrine. UK Defence – Ready and Able to Regenerate. The earliest known Principles of War were documented by Sun Tzu, circa 500 BCE. It is hoped that a fuller and more complete DefenceSynergia paper may follow in due course. The PLA is currently influenced by three doctrinal schools which both conflict and complement each other: the People's war, the Regional war, and the Revolution in military affairs that led to substantial increase in the defence spending and rate of technological modernisation of the forces. Nine, ten, or twelve principles all provide a framework for efficient development of any objective The relative importance of each may vary according to context; their application requires judgement, common sense and intelligent interpretation. The relative importance of each may vary according to context; their application requires judgement, common sense and intelligent interpretation. Maintenance of Morale. Proportionality – “Loss of life and damage to property incidental to attacks must not be excessive in … In the past it has been cogently argued that the alleged British Army failure in Iraq was precipitated by never having enough forces on the ground; a situation that was compounded when the Government and MOD authorised a simultaneous deployment in Afghanistan thereby ignoring the Concentration of Force Principle to meet political expediency. Offensive action is the practical way in which a commander seeks to gain advantage, sustain momentum and seize the initiative. Offensive Action. The Moral Law, or discipline and unity of command 2. Marquis de Silva presented his "Principles" for war in 1778. Seize, retain, and exploit the initiative. Machiavelli published his "General Rules" in 1521 which were themselves modeled on Vegetius' Regulae bellorum generales (Epit. Objective, Offensive, Mass, Economy of Forces, Maneuver, Unity of Command, Security, Surprise, and Simplicity are the principles of war most often found in military manuals. It is mandatory to procure user consent prior to running these cookies on your website. Security is the provision and maintenance of an operating environment that affords the necessary freedom of action, when and where required, to achieve objectives. The Commander; 5. We see Principles of War as the top of a pyramid from which the follow-up publications flow. Yet no compensating enhancement to the RN/RAF strategic transport forces is being funded to facilitate rapid return of armoured forces if required. Are We? The ten principles listed in BDD 2014 are: Selection and Maintenance of the Aim. Concentration of effort "Concentrate your forces and their fire" - probably the most important principle. They are enduring, but not immutable, absolute or prescriptive, and provide an appropriate foundation for all military activity. (Weider, par. Chanakya in his Arthashastra circa 350BCE. Russian Additionally, since their first appearance in English of the military maxims of Napoleon in 1831, all English translations have relied upon the extremely incomplete French edition of General Burnod published in 1827. The principles of war. Video Principles of war . Any cookies that may not be particularly necessary for the website to function and is used specifically to collect user personal data via analytics, ads, other embedded contents are termed as non-necessary cookies. Earth, or the terrain 4. It is often argued by MOD that the combination of high tech equipment being provided for HM Armed Forces negates the effects of downsizing in both manpower and weapons platforms. As the former Deputy Commander of NATO, Gen Shirreff has alluded, the British Army is in the position of being unable to concentrate armoured forces in a NATO context without a long lead-in warning period. Flexibility – the ability to change readily to meet new circumstances – comprises agility, responsiveness, resilience, acuity and adaptability. Morale is a positive state of mind derived from inspired political and military leadership, a shared sense of purpose and values, well-being, perceptions of worth and group cohesion. Concentration of force involves the decisive, synchronized application of superior fighting power (conceptual, physical, and moral) to realize intended effects, when and where required. It was equivalent to the Admiralty, responsible for the Royal Navy (RN), and the (much later) Air Ministry, which oversaw the Royal Air Force (RAF). However, it can also be argued that from a cohesive defence planning point of view it is difficult to select and maintain an aim that has not been cogently articulated first. Economy of effort is the judicious exploitation of manpower, materiel and time in relation to the achievement of objectives. The army included these principles into its training and field manuals, followed by the World War II. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Economy of Effort. In this sense the lacuna in higher level government Strategy makes it almost impossible for the Ministry of Defence (MOD) to ascertain the why, when, where and how questions driving Her Majesty’s Government (HMG) requirements for the raising and tasking of HM Forces. “Even if I wished to surrender to you – and I don’t – I am commanding Australians who would cut my throat if I accepted … As a consequence are RAF operations over Iraq/Syria restricted by aircraft availability or the need to conserve the most expensive missiles, or both? This category only includes cookies that ensures basic functionalities and security features of the website. It is time to start over. Despite a resurgent Russia and threat to the Baltic NATO states, MOD is continuing to recover Germany based British armoured units to the UK in order to realise savings of circa £250m per annum. Next month, we will continue with how the Unite States established theirs and the changes since then. National and Defence Strategies Research Group, Images ©Crown copyright unless otherwise stated. This commentary has just scratched the surface. Heaven, or weather factors 3. It will not be necessary to buy these further books, all the information required to play the game is contained in the main rules. Carl Philipp Gottfried von Clausewitz Author of On War- (Portrait while in Prussian service, by Karl Wilhelm Wach). England’s first standing army was formed by Oliver Cromwell in 1645. The Nine Principles of War Objective Offensive Mass Economy of force Maneuver Unity of command Security Surprise Simplicity. The Principles of War identified by Carl von Clausewitz in his essay Principles of War,[1] and later enlarged in his book, On War have been influential on military thinking in the North Atlantic region. Today, U.S. Air Force doctrine still lists nine principles — the same tired list proposed by Fuller and modified by the Army nearly a century ago. Whether the issue is weapons, platforms or spares, the mantra is ‘Just in Time’ – which in British serving circles is cynically referred to as ‘Just too Late’. There is scope here for a much wider examination of British Defence Policy in relation to the established Principles of War. Offensive, mass, and maneuver principles for the western commander all place a sense of personal responsibility and authority to ensure these principles are followed by appropriate action. What decides the outcome of wars and battles is usually not the amount of forces you have, but the amount of forces you have where it counts, where the battle is decided. A closer examination of the values and culture of origin reveals its war priorities. Albeit, "The armies of today are based on the organization created by Napoleon [sic] for his Grand Army and it has been used ever since." The ‘judicious exploitation of manpower, materiel and time in relation to the achievement of objectives’ having become an end in itself, supplanting the actual meaning in the minds of MOD senior staff and our political elite alike as they focus on the first part of the definition and ignore the latter – achievement of objectives. [2] Since the mid-19th century, due to the influence of the Prussian Army, they have become a guide for many military organizations to focus the thinking of military commanders and political leaders toward concepts and methods of successful prosecution of wars and smaller military operations. Machiavelli published his "General Rules" in 1521. The ten principles as listed and defined in the 2011 edition, unchanged from the 2008 edition, of BDD (which also provides explanation) are: A single, unambiguous aim is the keystone of successful military operations. Cooperation entails the incorporation of teamwork and a sharing of dangers, burdens, risks and opportunities in every aspect of warfare. Concentration of Force. Her Majesty’s Government – 30th April 2021 – Integrated Review of Security, Defence, Development and Foreign Policy 2021: Nuclear Deterrent. In recent times British Army personnel in Afghanistan took casualties in a minefield partly because no available RAF helicopter had a winch; soldiers on the front line had to negotiate with their Taliban enemy because they were isolated and running out of ammunition; the RN has had to mothball its Scan Eagle drones for lack of sustainment funding, the list goes on. Maintenance of Morale. Recent developments made certain alterations in the principles, in the form of adding three more principles to the traditional list. There are no agreed Principles of War, not even in the NATO alliance although many of its members have their own. The War Office was a Department of the British Government responsible for the administration of the British Army between 1857 and 1964, when its functions were transferred to the newly-created Ministry of Defence (MoD). Surprise is the consequence of shock and confusion induced by the deliberate or incidental introduction of the unexpected. The Royal Navy (RN) and Royal Air Force (RAF), both being dependant upon high tech platforms and trained skill sets, suffering more than the Army. Although originally concerned with strategy, grand tactics and tactics, due to the changing nature of warfare and military technology, since the interwar period, the principles are largely applied to the strategic decision-making, and in some cases, to operational mobility of forces. The UK uses 10 principles of war, as taught to all British officers and promulgated in British Defence Doctrine (BDD 2014), which states: “Principles of War guide commanders and their staffs in the planning and conduct of warfare. It can be argued at one level that selection and maintenance of a military aim is operationally and politically dependent. For example: a. Cooperation. ‘The principles of command, staff work, ... with thoroughly up-to-date material on the outbreak of war’."" In recent years, 'Local war under high-tech conditions' has been promoted. Julian Lewis MP – Evidence to Trident Comission, UK Official Papers and Doctrine Documents, COMMENTARY – UNITED KINGDOM COASTAL SECURITY AND BORDER INTEGRITY, Army Future Soldier – Transforming the British Army, The Strategic Defence Case for Scotland to Remain in the United Kingdom. As of 2020, the British Army comprises 80,040 regular full-time personnel and 30,020 reserve personnel. Economy of effort is the judicious exploitation of manpower, materiel and time in relation to the achievement of objectives. The UK uses 10 principles of war, as taught to all officers of the Royal Navy, British Army, and Royal Air Force: The British Army’s principles of war were first published after the First World War and based on the work of the British general and military theorist, J. F. C. Fuller. Henry Lloyd proffered his version of "Rules" for war in 1781 as well as his "Axioms" for war in 1781.Then in 1805, Antoine-Henry Jomini published his "Maxims" for War version 1, "Didactic Resume" and "Maxims" for War version 2. Thus it can be seen that in Military art, the Soviet and Western systems are similar, but place their emphasis in wildly differing places. By necessity this commentary will only cover a few of the major principles outlined above to illustrate how current defence planning and resources may not meet these principles and doctrine other than in MOD public relations hype. Flexibility. DAMROD governs the set of principles that any military commander should consider when planning a defensive position; Depth; All round defence; … Maintenance of Morale. These principles can be applied to non-military uses when Unity of command is separated into coordination and reality, Economy of Force is redefined as use of resources, Mass is separated into renewable and non-renewable resources, and relationships are separated from unity of command. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. [5], As such it includes the following principles[6]. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. He was wounded so frequently in WW1 that the convalescent home in Park Lane kept his own pyjamas ready for his next visit. Henry, Duke of Rohan established his "Guides" for war in 1644. The British army was not slow to begin to analyse its wartime experiences, and nor did it give the task such a low priority that it left it to junior officers. This DS Commentary covers the ‘Principles of War’ as applied to UK 21st Century Defence Output. A-4. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. However, morale in the Army maybe less vulnerable on home base but can suffer very rapid decline on operations if the high tech weapons platforms they rely upon for combat support are not available when the shrapnel begins to fly and casualties begin to mount. Morale is a positive state of mind derived from inspired political and military leadership, a shared sense of purpose and values, well-being, perceptions of worth and group cohesion. However, to make things simple for the wargamer we intend to produce a set of books covering the major theatres of war during the period. Choose the … Going into the future, great benefits for, and changes to, conventional military power are expected from the RMA. These cookies do not store any personal information. Gulf War. British Principles of War – Are They Applied in 21. Surprise is the consequence of shock and confusion induced by the deliberate or incidental introduction of the unexpected. Where are the force projection and protection enablers – RN and RAF heavy sea and air lift and escorts – to move and protect more than a single army light brigade at short notice? Security. [11] It outlines the basic military principles and strategies by which the Japanese army was to operate. It was these principles and the earlier work of JFC Fuller which greatly influenced the United States Army publishing their principles in 1921. To fill the gap MOD must rely upon a plethora of lower level departmental documents, laissez-faire interpretation and then respond in a ‘come as you are’ fashion. (USAF), The growing imperative to adopt "flexibility" as an American Principle of War, Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, Carlisle, PA, October 15, 1999, Glantz, David, Soviet Military Operational Art: In pursuit of deep battle, Frank Cass, London, 1991. The principles were in large measure drawn from the work of British Major General J.F.C. Selection and maintenance of the aim is regarded as the master principle of war. A single, unambiguous aim is the keystone of successful military operations. Physical courage. Within the United States Army, the principles of war have been regarded as basic truths, applicable to all situations, intelligent application of which will aid success. Essence of combat power Combat power is the basic one of the three factors of combat and, over time and space, changes quickly and continuously. The UK uses 10 principles of war, as taught to all British officers and promulgated in British Defence Doctrine (BDD 2014), which states: This short commentary is written as a personal view to explore British Principles of War and whether they are being appropriately applied in 21. Economy of Effort. Offensive. Flexibility – the ability to change readily to meet new circumstances – comprises agility, responsiveness, resilience, acuity and adaptability. Principles of combat power a. Commanders also need to take into account the legitimacy of their actions, based on the legal, moral, political, diplomatic and ethical propriety of the conduct of military forces, once committed.”. Principles of war. Method and discipline, which included logistics and supply However, S… A closer examination of the values and culture of origin reveals its war priorities. Americans soundly retort that flexibility is a given that pervades all aspects of each principle. Indeed, Mao Tse-tung and his disciples in their philosophy of protracted conflict have given the principles a new twist and have challenged conventional Western doctrine. Soviet adoption of the principles of war is considered a part of Military Art, and is therefore a system of knowledge that is, the theory and practice of preparing and conducting military operations on the land, at sea, and in the air. b. A cynic might argue that economy of effort is the one Principle of War that the MOD has paid most attention to; some might argue to the detriment of all the other principles. Similar principles continue to be followed in CIS countries. Quite what MOD’s plans are for long term sustainability are something of a mystery. The ten principles listed in BDD 2014 are: Selection and Maintenance of the Aim. 12). The definition of each principle has been refined over the following decades and adopted throughout the British armed forces. The current principles of war have remained essentially unchanged since at least 1921, when in the wake of World War I, there was a push in the U.S. military to codify doctrine based on the lessons of that conflict. But opting out of some of these cookies may have an effect on your browsing experience. Selection and maintenance of the aim is regarded as the master principle of war. This is a failure of leadership that requires redressing by the Chiefs of Service Staff – a good start would be if the politicians were to hear their military advisers speak truth unto their power. Principles of War was also a book published in 1969 for the Japan Self-Defense Forces. CDS Speech to IISS 31 March 2021 – Integrated Review, DefenceSynergia Response to the Integrated Review – Defence Command Paper – Defence Industrial Strategy – An Air Perspective, Official Publication of the Defence Command Paper, News Letter - Ballymurphy: ‘Spare us the lecture Sinn Fein – you’ve zero moral authority’ says Kenny Donaldson, The Spectator and article by John Keiger - France needs Britain more than ever, Daily Telegraph story - Northern Ireland veteran faces prosecution over Ballymurphy deaths - and so the it continu…, Yahoo Business Insider 2 days ago - Putin is looking abroad for an enemy as he feels the heat at home. Therefore, the ability for the services to support and maintain complex equipment and supply chains in-theatre without contractor input is essential. He served in the Boer War in the British Army, despite being underage, didn’t have his fathers consent and not even a British subject. British army, military force charged with the defense of the United Kingdom and the fulfillment of its international defense commitments. One of the oldest dicta states that the simple plan is the flexible plan. This website uses cookies to improve your experience. They are enduring, but not immutable, absolute or prescriptive, and provide an appropriate foundation for all military activity. discover how we may gain a preponderance of physical forces and material advantages at the decisive point “There were all kinds of things I was afraid of at first, ranging from grizzly bears to … Many, however, hold that the principle of Simplicity implicitly includes flexibility. The first principle has always been stated as pre-eminent and the second is usually considered more important than the remainder, which are not listed in any order of importance. The military principles of war of the People's Liberation Army were loosely based on those of the Soviet Union until the 1980s when a significant shift begun to be seen in a more regionally-aware, and geographically-specific strategic, operational and tactical thinking in all services. Fought in 1990-91, this conflict saw the largest single deployment of British troops since the Second World War (1939-45). Offensive action is the practical way in which a commander seeks to gain advantage, sustain momentum and seize the initiative. The Russian principles of military art, as interpreted by the US Army in the Field Manual 100-61, 1998 emphasise: The United States Armed Forces use the following nine principles of war: Officers in the U.S. Military sometimes use the acronyms "MOSS COMES", "MOSS MOUSE", "MOOSE MUSS", "MOUSE MOSS", "MOM USE SOS", or "SUMO MOSES" to remember the first letters of these nine principles. A single, unambiguous aim is the keystone of successful military operations. The principles of war identified by Carl von Clausewitz in his essay Principles of War, and later enlarged in his book, On War have been influential on military thinking in the North Atlantic region. Variations exist and differences are minor and semantic or reflect a cultural persuasion for a particular approach. The U.S. Army published its first set of principles of war in a 1921 training regulation. But it must be clear to anyone outside the ‘can do’ brigade that there are serious deficiencies between the doctrine and operational estimate planning that senior officers teach junior leaders, and the reality in defence provision and capability being offered. These principles of war are commonly used by the armed forces of Commonwealth countries such as Australia. Surprise. The principles continue today as the cornerstone of Army operations. The article was subsequently forwarded to the Joint Chiefs of Staff by Air Force Chief of Staff General Moseley and an effort to overhaul current U.S. doctrine was initiated using van Avery's framework. We will begin with how they eventually became the British Army Principles of War in 1920. Concentration of force involves the decisive, synchronized application of superior fighting power (conceptual, physical, and moral) to realize intended effects, when and where required. Out of these cookies, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. The Russians and Chinese have a principle of annihilation and the British a principle of flexibility that do not appear on the American list. Sun Tzu's The Art of War, written approximately in 400 B.C., listed five basic factors for a commander to consider: 1. What is known is that reloads for expendable weapons are kept low in peacetime with no obvious work being undertaken to assess ‘war rates of effort’ to calculate (or fund) war reserves. As a principle of war, offensive is synonymous … 3.26.1–33). To sustain a force is to generate the means by which its fighting power and freedom of action are maintained. We'll assume you're ok with this, but you can opt-out if you wish. Security is the provision and maintenance of an operating environment that affords the necessary freedom of action, when and where required, to achieve objectives. To sustain a force is to generate the means by which its fighting power and freedom of action are maintained. sic principles of war. Frost[7] argues that the concept of flexibility should be integrated with America's warfighting doctrine. However, for this to be true it is necessary for MOD to say how the remaining personnel and equipment can be assembled in concentrated force beyond ‘Battle Group’ size when they acknowledge that combat operations will be deployed, yet the forces concerned are home based. The initial essay dealt with the tactics of combat, and suggested the following general principles: Based on the above, Clausewitz went on to suggest principles for tactics, the scale of combat that dominated European warfare at the time: Clausewitz also included in the essay general principles of strategy by saying that Warfare has three main objects: Applied to specific forms of warfare, such as naval warfare, Corbett argued that, By maritime strategy we mean the principles which govern a war in which the sea is a substantial factor.[3]. Luftwaffe leader-ship was steeped in Douheťs thought. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. The book backs up all military principles with historical examples. Commanders also need to take into account the legitimacy of their actions, based on the legal, moral, political, diplomatic and ethical propriety of the conduct of military forces, once committed.”. Conclusion. Clausewitz wrote his version in 1812 building on the work of earlier writers. Concentration of Force. The some of the twelve non-military principles of efficiency have been formulated by Henry Ford at the turn of the 20th century,[10] and are suggested to be[citation needed]: objective, coordination, action, reality, knowledge, locations (space and time),things, obtaining, using, protecting, and losing. The earliest known principles of war were documented by Sun Tzu, circa 500 BCE. It provides the framework of understanding for our approach to combat and to operations. Browsing experience each may vary according to context ; their application requires judgement, sense... 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