Therefore he availed himself of the opportunity to place before the Rom. If you do not have Zoom installed on your device, you will be prompted to download the app when you first click the link. 4 As we shall see, the word here (telos) will have more meaning than simply an “end”; it will indicate the intended end, or the goal. society. So the believer, formerly a slave of sin, has now been liberated into the free service of God. Paul’s reply is that there is great advantage in belonging to the people to whom the oracles of God were committed, in order that they might be the instrument for the accomplishment of His purpose in the world. preserve a sound tradition. A new principle has begun to live within them, “the law of the Spirit of life in Christ Jesus” (8:2), and liberates them not only from the thraldom of sin and the bondage of the law, but from death itself. Every attempt of man to establish his own righteousness before God being ruled out of court, the way is open for the introduction of God’s way of righteousness, and to this Paul devotes the crucially important passage which follows (3:21-23). It is a way which is open on equal terms to Jew and Gentile, since God is the God of both; therefore neither has now any advantage over the other. With a further confession of his heartfelt longing and prayer for his kinsmen’s salvation, Paul ascribes their present unbelief and unenlightened zeal to their ignorance of God’s way of righteousness. Christians. In his own words, he had no longer “any room for work in these regions” (Rom 15:23). If a man presumes that since divine retribution has not manifested itself in his life in the manner detailed in ch. 16 may have been, points to Corinth as the city where Paul was resident at the time (cf. He planned also to take with him to Jerusalem delegates of the Gentile churches he had founded in the Aegean provinces, bearing gifts from their churches as a contribution to relieve the poverty of the mother church in Jerusalem; thus, he hoped, the bonds of fellowship would be more securely forged between those churches and the headquarters of Jewish Christianity, where the Gentile mission in general, and Paul’s activity in particular, tended to be viewed with misgivings and suspicion. 2. But—and here one may detect a warning to the Gentile Christians in Rome and elsewhere—the ingrafted branches may in their turn be lopped off through unbelief and the severed branches may through faith be reunited with the parent stock. If obedience to God’s will were the ground of justification, Abraham could make a good case (cf. By law a wife is bound to her husband so long as he lives; only if he dies is she free to marry another man. They included members of the households of certain scions of the Herod family, and also two of Paul’s kinsmen and fellow prisoners who, he says, are “of note among the apostles” and were Christians before he himself was, with one or two others like Rufus (prob. Corinth (cf. Recent papers in Epistle to the Romans. 4. ), whose association with the Christian movement went back to the earliest days. 0000004169 00000 n The verb “glorified” in v. 30 is in the past tense because, although it refers to a future experience, its accomplishment is settled already in the counsel of God. 2. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Epistle to the Romans has been listed as a level-5 vital article in Philosophy. 32). by Daniel Thompson • 2 . 18-30) will not only compensate the believer for the trials endured in the present age; it is something to which all creation eagerly looks forward, for when the sons of God are revealed in glory, all creation will be released from the frustration under which it has labored since the fall (vv. The saving work which has been so effectually inaugurated in their lives will continue until its consummation at the end time; when the eschatological wrath is poured out, they will be delivered from it by the Savior who has already procured their justification by the shedding of His blood. not an imaginary one; Paul knew some members of the Gentile churches whose conduct seemed to be based on just such an argument. VI, p. 447.. 2 Philip Schaff, History of the Christian Church (1910), Vol. “The brethren there,” says his companion Luke, “when they heard of us, came as far as the Forum of Appius and Three Taverns to meet us. Reverting to Abraham (vv. Abraham’s case was not isolated; David’s testimony was similar. God’s power for salvation to everyone having faith, to the Jew first and also to the Greek; for in it God’s righteousness is being revealed First, however, he determined to go to Jerusalem and give an account of his stewardship thus far—not to the church of Jerusalem or its leaders, for he denied that he had in any sense been commissioned by them, but to the risen Christ. The place which this OT text already occupied in Paul’s thinking may be seen from his use of it in Galatians 3:6. 5ff. and the past tense giving way in v. 14 to one also written in the first person sing. Free shipping Free shipping Free shipping. 0000002275 00000 n I.e., he was summoned to be an apostle, one sent by Jesus for a special purpose b. Neither earth’s privations nor hell’s hostility can separate him from the love of God, manifest and active in Christ. One may surmise that Paul’s Jewish-Christian readers understood his argument better than the Gentile Christians, whether they approved of it or not. The righteousness of God in history (9:1-11:36). “Romans,!Paul’sgreatest!work,!isplaced!first!among!histhirteen!epistlesin!the!New! 0000001698 00000 n Its spirit and tone can no doubt be linked with Paul’s happy experience of Rom. church, even if they were a handful in proportion to the total membership, must have contributed greatly to its strength. The fact that Paul did not speak of the “church” in Rome may be significant; perhaps at this time there was no city-wide church in Rome with a community consciousness of its own, as there was, for example, in Corinth, where Paul himself had planted and tended the church. As it is, the man he once was (the “old self” of v. 6) is no more; the life he now lives is the life which the risen Christ lives out in him. The Jew who knows the will of God by revelation is more guilty if he disobeys it than the Gentile who has no such knowledge. Among these is the passage in the Song of Moses where God tried to make Israel jealous by means of “those who are not a nation” (Deut 32:21, interpreted of the Gentiles in Rom 10:19). Bible for the “mercy seat” where God assured His people when they confessed their sin through their sacerdotal representative, of His forgiveness and acceptance. The Gospel expounded in this letter is recognizably “the Gospel according to Paul” as known from his other letters, and esp. 3. Please subscribe to our new channel. ; 1 Corinthians—Paul wrote 1 Corinthians to confront and correct the young church in Corinth as it was struggling with matters of disunity, immorality, and immaturity. 15, 16). When it dawns, it will be recognized as the fulfillment of God’s eternal purpose, conceived when He foreknew and foreordained His people in Christ before the world’s foundation (vv. New Testament. ROMANS Introduction: Paul's letter to the Romans stands among the most important pieces of literature in the history of Western man. The longest of the thirteen NT letters bearing the name of Paul and the first letter in the long-established order of the corpus Paulinum. (Whether Paul is thinking of Rom. Epistle To The Romans Epistle To The Romans by Karl Barth. Epistle To The Romans: International Critical Commentary 1925, HB. Having thus demonstrated the Biblical foundation of the good news of justification by faith, Paul proceeds to describe the blessings which accompany it in the believer’s life (5:1-11). On seeing them Paul thanked God and took courage” (Acts 28:15). In the opening salutation the addressees are denoted as “all God’s beloved in Rome, who are called to be saints” (Rom 1:7)—for the textual problem of the phrase “in Rome” see # VII below. 0000002702 00000 n onward, after Judea was incorporated into the Rom. We were baptized, so that we would live a new life, as Christ was raised to life by the glory of God the Father. If you can improve it, please do. For the saving effects of Christ’s obedience (His lifelong obedience culminating in the crowning obedience of His submission to death) are much more comprehensive and far-reaching than the ruinous effects of Adam’s disobedience. The days are critical; Christians must be vigilant. Isa 29:16; 45:9), that the pot has no right to complain of the potter’s workmanship. She was acquitted, and continued for the rest of her life to enjoy the esteem of her friends in spite of her retiring ways, which presented a sharp contrast to the social frivolity of many of her contemporaries. The life of the Spirit will manifest itself outwardly in acts of love to fellow members of the Christian brotherhood and to all men. 44) and a Christian father (Clement of Rome, Ep. Forgiveness of sins and justification (chs. COURSE DESCRIPTION. The indictment of the pagan world (1:18-32) was not only common form in Jewish lit. 6) Paul turns to its cognate: freedom from law (ch. $15.13. The fact that the people who had been specially prepared for the Gospel declined for the most part to believe it, although it was from their midst that the Christ Himself came “according to the flesh” (9:5), presented Paul and no doubt many of his contemporaries with a problem in theodicy. A textual problem arises in v. 1 because of the common confusion between short and long “o” in Gr. 0000001979 00000 n Romans 14:10-12; 2 Corinthians 5:10 Let us then serve Him in fear, and with all reverence, even as He Himself has commanded us, and as the apostles who preached the Gospel unto us, and the prophets who proclaimed beforehand the coming of the Lord [have alike taught us]. It is authored by Paul the Apostle, while Paul was in Corinth in the mid 50s CE, with the help of a secretary (amanuensis), Tertius, who adds his own greeting in Romans 16:22. The Gospel had been preached and churches had been planted in the principal cities and along the principal roads of Galatia, Asia, Macedonia, and Achaia. The Apostle Paul wrote it roughly about 56-57 A.D. Till that day dawns, the Spirit helps them in their weakness, intercedes on their behalf, and co-operates with them in everything for good (vv. For the present, Israel has stumbled, but has not fallen irrevocably. Their endurance produces strength of character, but best of all, the Holy Spirit whom they have received, and who conveys these boons to them, has poured the love of God into their hearts. So long as the civil authorities remain within their divinely-given commission, they can command the believer’s obedience and cooperation; only when Caesar demands the things that are God’s must the believer say “No” (cf. A great deal of the present letter was therefore of general interest, and it is probable that from the first, at Paul’s own instance, copies of it were circulated to other churches as well as to that in Rome (see # VII below). 0000005873 00000 n Download. Apart from his special duty to the powers that be, the Christian has the general duty of love to all men. This it did, and at the same time it stimulated an increase in acts of sin; “but where sin increased, grace abounded all the more” (Rom 5:20). 1 Cor 1:14); so does the reference to “Erastus, the city treasurer”—if, as seems likely, this Erastus is to be identified with the man of that name mentioned as curator of public buildings in a Corinthian inscr. The nature and effect of this jealousy will appear in ch. 7). If this is so, someone may ask, is there any advantage in being a Jew? If He has found all men, Jew and Gentile alike, guilty of disobedience and has pronounced this verdict on them, it is not that He may sentence them to the appropriate penalty, but “that he may have mercy upon all” (11:32). ); the differences of perspective between the two passages are due to the different audiences addressed. This is more than in any other New Testament writing (except the short 1 Peter and 1 John). Its canonicity was never doubted by the Church, and it has been remarkably free from the attacks of Rationalism up to the present time. The key personalities in the book of Romans are the Apostle Paul, and Phoebe who delivered this letter. The point, however, is that, as death breaks the marriage bond, so the believer’s death with Christ breaks the bond that bound him to the law and sets him free to be united “to him who has been raised from the dead” (v. 4). 3:21 - 5:11) ‘But now the righteousness of God without the … The man in Christ has died as far as his relation to sin, his former slave-owner, is concerned. “Let every one be fully convinced in his own mind,” says Paul. Such strength is available for all “who are in Christ Jesus” (8:1); there is no reason why they should go on in a state of penal servitude (which may be the meaning of “condemnation” in 8:1). The introduction to his argument (1:8-15) assures his readers that he regularly prays for them and thanks God for them, since he is well acquainted with their good reputation, and explains that his reason for not having visited them was lack of opportunity, since he has often planned to see them, in order to preach the Gospel at Rome as elsewhere in the Gentile world and enjoy mutual fellowship and refreshment in their company. 19ff.) With Galatians and the two letters to the Corinthians, Romans belongs to the four “capital” epistles which are basic material for determining the main lines of Paul’s teaching. The book of Romans is a Pauline Epistle (letter from Paul). Chapter 8: Chapter 8 continues the commentary on Romans by focusing on the (Holy) Spirit. It must not, however, be thought that Israel’s present unbelief and setting aside are permanent. ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE. which have denied apostolic authorship to any of the documents in the corpus Paulinum, the Pauline authorship of Romans is uncontested. Polycarp prologue:1 Polycarp and the presbyters that are with him unto the Church of God which sojourneth at Philippi; mercy unto you and peace from God Almighty and Jesus Christ our Savior be multiplied. In resisting the Gospel Israel is following a precedent repeatedly shown throughout her history (9:30-10:21). Thirteen of these Epistles were written by the apostle Paul: Romans, 1 and 2 Corinthians, Galatians, Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, 1 and 2 Thessalonians, 1 and 2 Timothy, Titus, and Philemon. The question was prob. The reception of the letter may have had something to do with the welcome he received from some Rom. and destined to be developed further in Colossians and Ephesians, is introduced here to illustrate the interdependence and cooperation of all for the good of the whole; and whatever service each one does should be done with a ready heart (12:3-8). Such denunciations can be paralleled among pagan moralists as well as among Jews of that period, and although Paul had a Jewish critic in mind from the outset of ch. 0000000714 00000 n God’s purpose for blessing mankind far exceeds anything that men could have hoped. To the same effect is the assurance of the passage about the stone of stumbling already quoted: “No one who believes in him will be put to shame.” This assurance applies equally to Jew and Gentile: “there is no distinction” between them because all have sinned (Rom 3:22, 23), but also “there is no distinction” (10:12) because all receive God’s abundant mercy on an equal footing: “every one who calls upon the name of the Lord will be saved” (10:1-13). There is no record of the planting of Christianity in Rome. Claudius, at the beginning of his principate (a.d. 41), took some steps to restrict them (Dio Cassius, Hist. In terms of the narrative of Acts, the writing of the letter may be placed during Paul’s three months in Greece (20:3). by that time outnumbered the Jewish membership. Was He lacking in foresight? Ann. uncovered in 1929. 0000000016 00000 n From his exposition of the way of righteousness (3:21-5:21) Paul continues (chs. 3-14), and (2) he draws an analogy from the institution of slavery (vv. The chronology of this phase of Paul’s career can be determined to some degree by the inscriptional evidence from Delphi dating Gallio’s entry on the proconsulship of Achaia (cf. Those who had robust consciences like himself had a duty to consider their weaker fellow Christians. Of the sons of Abraham, God chose Isaac and not Ishmael; in the next generation, of the two sons of Isaac, He chose Jacob and not Esau, giving notice of His choice before either Jacob or Esau was born, in order to establish His sovereignty in election (9:6-13). Christians, which broke out as the sequel to the fire of a.d. 64, they were so numerous that a pagan historian (Tac. While remaining perfectly righteous, He pardons those who believe in Jesus and brings them into a right relationship with Himself.” The “expiation” (v. 25, RSV) which is provided in Christ averts the wrath of Romans 1:18 and wipes out the sinner’s guilt. The slave is forced to do his master’s bidding. 24, 26, 28) bespeaks the working of divine retribution in history. The figure of the body and its limbs, already used in this way (1 Cor 12:12ff.) The edict may have been allowed to lapse with Claudius’ death (a.d. 54), if not earlier; a few years later the Jewish colony in Rome was as flourishing as ever, and as before it included Jewish believers in Jesus. 0000004789 00000 n Purpose of Writing: As with all Paul’s epistles to the churches, his purpose in writing was to proclaim the glory of the Lord Jesus Christ by teaching … In the 4th cent. What God in fact has done, says Paul, is to display His mercy in uncovenanted fashion, by calling as His people those who had no claim to be so designated (in accordance with a principle revealed in Hosea) and preserving only a remnant of His former people Israel (in accordance with a principle emphasized in Isaiah). This expulsion, mentioned in Acts 18:2, is ascribed by Suetonius (Claudius, 25) to the Rom. lx.6), but about eight years later he resorted to the more drastic course of expulsion. of the time; it could be corroborated in the judgment of many Gentile writers. ), Paul asks whether his faith was reckoned to him as righteousness before or after he was circumcised, and had no need to labor the point: Abraham was justified by faith while he was uncircumcised, years before he received the covenant of circumcision (Gen 17:24). If one disregards those erratic schools of thought (e.g. How well the letter accomplished its immediate purpose is uncertain; not for three years was Paul able to visit Rome, and when he came it was not as a free agent but as a prisoner under armed guard, to stand trial before Caesar to whose supreme court he had appealed from the jurisdiction of the procurator of Judaea. This is the theme of ch. He knew that outside his own mission field (and even to some degree inside it) his reputation suffered from the criticisms of his opponents. They pursued the righteousness based on the law, in terms of Leviticus 18:5 (living by doing), not knowing that with the coming of Christ an end has been put to the age of law, so that now it is every believer who is justified. word (hilastērion) is used elsewhere in the Gr. Who could have supposed that Israel’s unbelief was to become God’s instrument for good to such an overwhelming degree? xiii. ! The Epistle to the Romans: A Commentary on the Greek Text Written by Richard N. Longenecker Reviewed By Will N. Timmins . Father!’ it is the Spirit himself bearing witness with our spirit that we are children of God” (vv. Introduction! In addition to paving the way for his visit to Rome Paul hoped to secure the good will of the Rom. rhetoric, repeatedly used by Paul in this letter. This quotation of a question or objection by someone breaking into his argument is a feature of the diatribe style of Gr. Paul wrote the letter to … 5:21). In this fact Paul finds a charter admitting Gentile believers, equally with Jewish believers, to the status of Abraham’s heirs. By the time Paul wrote the letter to the Romans, not more than eight years after the edict of expulsion, the Christian community in the capital comprised a considerable Gentile element which prob. Epistle To The Romans The dateof this epistle is fixed at the time of the visit recorded in Acts 20:3 during the winter and spring following the apostle's long residence at Ephesus A.D. 58. 1 Cor 8:1-13; 10:23-33); he expounds the general principles for the benefit of the Rom. Here, the letter is addressed to the early church in Rome, Italy. church survived the ordeal and continued to increase and enjoy the esteem of Christians throughout the world as a church “worthy of God, worthy of honour, worthy of praise, worthy of success, worthy in purity, pre-eminent in love, walking in the law of Christ and bearing the Father’s name” (Ignatius, To the Romans, preface). 3!! 1434 20 His former master paid him the wages of death; his new Master gives him life in Christ—not as a reward for service rendered, but as a free gift. To show how the principle of justification by faith vindicates the law, Paul returned to the account of Abraham in Genesis (4:1-25). Abraham’s spiritual fatherhood of Gentile as well as Jewish believers was adumbrated when God gave him a new name and said, “I have made you the father of many nations” (Rom 4:17, quoting Gen 17:5). This epistle contains his most complete explanation of the doctrine of justification by faith in Jesus Christ rather than by the performances of the law of Moses. During the brief visit to the Balkan peninsula which followed his Ephesian ministry, Paul carried the Gospel farther W than he had previously done, at least as far as the border of Illyricum (Rom 15:19), the province on the eastern shore of the Adriatic. The Epistle to the Romans is one of the best attested writings of the New Testament. What he wrote about the “Jewish rite” reflects the probable truth of the matter, that it was Jewish Christians who first carried the Gospel to Rome. If it be asked what place the law has in this concept, the answer is that it does not affect the great issue of death in Adam versus life in Christ; the law was introduced to bring to light the sin that was already latent. - AWARDS and RECOGNITIONS - Christianity Today, Number 9 on the Top 25 … 0000015457 00000 n The expulsion under Claudius was no more durable than that under Tiberius. %%EOF It may be that by the time this letter was written Christianity was beginning to make its way into the upper strata of Rom. Some idea of the composition of the Rom. In a.d. 19, when Tiberius was emperor, there was a large-scale expulsion of Jews from Rome because of a financial scandal (Jos. 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