Thus the propaganda campaigns transcended simple messages and local newspaper articles in compelling citizens into action. An article in Americas Quarterly published before the match speculated that “anyone seeking to stir things up in Honduras—from within or without—might well attempt to use the passions surrounding the game as a way to provoke an over-reaction by the security forces,”[53] which would cause Micheletti’s government to face intense international scrutiny. But soccer fans in the north of England shouldn’t rest easy. The Soccer War What happens when an American tries to buy the world’s most beloved soccer team? Recently, some echoes of the Soccer War emerged during the 2010 World Cup qualifying matches between Honduras and the United States, as well as those between Honduras and El Salvador. August 2009:76-80. There is a picture of a “Honduran F4U Corsair”. Zelaya quickly contacted media in San José and referred to the event as a kidnapping, and refused to recognize anyone named president in his stead. Its influence continues to resonate in both Honduras and El Salvador today, and its legacy has even been felt in recent World Cup soccer qualifying matches. El Salvador was content with its position of labeling Honduras as the aggressor because such an accusation would eventually bring in the OAS, however dilatory the OAS may be. By 1968, a Honduran propaganda campaign was set on limiting the consumption of other Central American commodities in order to bolster national production. The victory over El Salvador marked El Salvador’s first-ever home loss during the qualifying rounds. In both Honduras and El Salvador, as in many other Latin American countries, the presidents functioned as both politicians and generals, leading their armies into battle. Both sides suffered losses of over 2,000, extreme given the brief duration of the war. However, complicating matters was the presence of a large number of Nicaraguan refugees in Honduras, who had fled the Sandinista Revolution in 1979. Facebook. “Social Classes, Accumulation, and the Crisis of ‘Overpopulation’ in, El Salvador.”  Latin American Perspectives Vol. As soccer aficionado John Turnbull put it, “Football is a game of contested space.”[3]; in Honduras and El Salvador, this truism extends beyond the pitch. …the summer of 1969 the Soccer War with El Salvador broke out, triggered indeed by a soccer (football) game but caused by severe economic and demographic problems. In the wake of the U.S. invasion, the OAS created an inter-American…. He befriended Che Guevara in Bolivia, Salvador Allende in Chile and Patrice Lumumba in the Congo. El Salvador is about five times smaller than Honduras, but in 1969, it had a population of about 3.7 million people compared to Honduras’ 2.6 million. Ultimately, the reason that the propaganda campaigns were so effectivw in Honduras and El Salvador is that the accusations trickled downward from a central source, the leader of the nation, rather than from a disparate group of local media outlets. In Honduras, the anti-Salvadoran program mollified mass aggressiveness by funneling it towards the enemy. The international community placed a lot of pressure on Honduras to resolve the issue. He was then promptly flown to exile in Costa Rica at gunpoint and sustained no injuries. [10] After the match, the Salvadorans celebrated uproariously. Contact the Duke WordPress team. THE SOCCER WAR isn't a book about the absurd war between El Salvador and Honduras, triggered by World Cup qualification matches, but really caused by El Salvador's overpopulation and the subsequent overflow of Salvadorenos into much-emptier Honduras. Even if El Salvador had won, the pieces of the puzzle were already in place for rioting when the Honduran team arrived in San Salvador. Centralization of power also allowed for  effective propaganda because the president was also the general of the national armies, allowing the rapid spread of information through the ranks, down to the lowest foot soldier. That is the beauty of graffiti; it is an anonymous catalyst for change, and is a perfect conduit to swell national pride. We are currently working on a history project for the National History Day and we were wondering if it would be possible to have an interview with you as it seems that you did a great job at the details of the soccer war. [34] William M. LeoGrande and Carla Anne Robbins, “OLIGARCHS AND OFFICERS: THE CRISIS IN EL SALVADOR,” 58.5 (1980), Historical Abstracts, 1084. The Football War is the only one of its kind, but its origins and ramifications are common to many other historical conflicts. The Organization of American States (OAS) was an international organization, created on Apr. However, Inestroza justified the military’s actions by asserting that Zelaya was removed from the country strictly to prevent violence and bloodshed. Teams of the two fragile nations first met for a best-of-three-game series on the field in Tegucigalpa, Honduras on June 8, 1969 for the World Cup eliminations. looms.” The Christian Science Monitor. “More at Stake at U.S.-Honduras World Cup Qualifier Than Just a Soccer Win.”  Americas Quarterly 07 Oct. 2009. “The many details of the humiliations suffered by the Salvadorans in Honduras served to intensify anew national animosity, involving even more the masses in a national unity directed against Honduras. Although this goal was not advertised, it nonetheless had the triumphant effect of stimulating anti-Honduran sentiment within El Salvador. Despite the many weighty causes of the Soccer War–the border disputes, the trade (dis)agreements, as well as the confrontation’s role in international politics–the conflict is named after the sport. [18] By Lewis H. Diuguid, and Washington Post Staff Writer. Otherwise we wouldn’t be alive today.”[11]. While both nations developed official policies in response to the crisis, the nations’ government-backed media campaigns pitted themselves against one another. During the mid-1970s, radical leftist groups began to gain widespread support, and many popular organizations began to mobilize the masses “behind a revolutionary program of radical reform.”[48] Most of these organizations were run by guerrilla groups and drew their leadership from Christian Base Communities, a group of radical Roman Catholic revolutionary organizations. After identifying El Salvador as the aggressor, the OAS decided to impose “upon it [El Salvador] diplomatic and economic sanctions.”[36] At this point, casualties on both sides were already greater than 2,000. According to reports, “the El Salvadorian side were kept up all night by riotous fans outside their hotel.”[5] The first of the three World Cup qualifying matches took place in Tegucigalpa, the Honduran capital. Print, [6] “The Soccer Wars: Honduras and El Salvador, 1969.” SoccerBlog.com. On Sunday, November 29, Honduras held presidential, parliamentary, and local elections, monitored by more than 30,000 soldiers, police, and reservists. Overall, an estimated 17,000 refugees fled Honduras for the safety of their homeland. This allowed the propaganda to be uniform and consistent, rather than conflicting. Published in the June 1986 issue of Harper’s Magazine, “The Soccer War” recounts a 100-hour-long conflict that broke out between Honduras and El Salvador on July 14, 1969, only weeks after the two countries competed against each other in a qualifying round of the 1970 FIFA World Cup.Subscribe to Harper’s Magazine for access to the full essay, along with our 165-year archive. During the pregame ritual, Honduras’s flag was not flown–  in a show of spite, the Salvadorans hung a rag to which the Hondurans sung their national anthem. Many people did not even remotely understand the true social and political causes of the war. The name that is known to this war was coined by the Polish reporter Ryszard Kapuściński. Moreover, while this war was localized, regional, and concentrated, it was nonetheless brutal. Web. “Salvador Troops Push Into Honduras :Salvador Troops Push Into Honduras. | Sports News & Blogs. The night before the game, General José Alberto Medrano led fans of El Salvador in a riotous march through the streets, hoping to disturb the Honduran team’s sleep and affect their performance the next day. However, the military was soon confronted with a new phenomenon: left-wing terrorism. In 1939, the end of the Spanish Civil War saw the Nationalist forces of General Francisco Franco take control of the country. In particular, a combination of border disputes and class tensions that existed for several years before the 1969 matches set the stage for the war. Zelaya denied resigning and made two unsuccessful open attempts to return to Honduras before eventually returning clandestinely and seeking asylum in the Brazilian embassy in Tegucigalpa. The United Nations monitored the peace process until 1997. 2009 JZ Editing & Publishing, 30 Jan. 2007. The answer lies in the propaganda campaigns fueled  by both nations. April 10, 2006. [40] Elisabeth Malkin. [36] Jay Mallin. The Soccer War. Mexican journalist Luis Suarez states that, in Latin America, the “border between soccer and politics is vague. We went to war not knowing what we were fighting for or why. It then decided to reestablish importation taxes on products from Common Market countries and sign bilateral commercial treaties[38] without concern for the rules of the economic community. [7] Jay Mallin. The war may not have been caused by the soccer matches directly, but it is a prime example of how the emotions and violence stirred up in the games can easily spill over from the pitch onto the streets. “Coup Rocks Honduras.”  Wall Street Journal (2009). While in Costa Rica, he stated, “I want to return to my country. Many Hondurans looked forward to the game simply because they wanted to cheer for the same side and be unified, even just briefly, “in the midst of the worst political crisis that Central America has faced in decades.”[55] The game would give people a break from protests and curfews, a 90-minute respite from politics. “Soccer War.”  ICE Case Studies. Both sides exhibited a fierce desire to win– the defense was so intense that, when recalling the game, Cardona exclaims, “They kicked me off the pitch!” José Antonio Quintanilla of El Salvador finally scored the winning goal in the 101st minute. Further, as long as graffiti is visible to even one other person, the message will have been conveyed successfully, as a trickling domino effect often ensues. While Latin American integration and international incorporation into the Central American Common Market have always been underlying objectives in Latin American history, the Football War and its propaganda schemes served as a harsh departure from such goals and illustrated the volatility inherent in Latin American relations. By Daniel Gross. [23] Thomas P. Anderson, The War of the Dispossessed: Honduras and El Salvador, 1969. Part diary and part reportage, The Soccer War is a remarkable chronicle of war in the late twentieth century. London: Verso, 1998, 129, [3] John Turnbull. . One of these tools was the ability to influence the OAS, which was already being harshly criticized for its lack of mediation in the crisis. One salient example of the game’s ability to directly impact global politics is the armed conflict between Honduras and El Salvador in 1969–the so-called “Soccer War.” Although three 1969 World Cup qualifying matches (for the 1970 Mexico City World Cup) were the spark that ignited the conflict, the war stemmed from tensions much deeper than sport alone. First match in Tegucigalpa won Honduras with score 1-0. In El Salvador, civil war and unrest dragged on for more than a decade. The game is developed with seuck, a maker that facilitates the creation of games but at the same time limits the options. - AltoSky - AltoSky, Pingback: Do Countries Experience an Increase in Military Aggression When They Go to the World Cup? After capturing Madrid on March 28 th to end the War, El Generalísimo sought to unify the newly formed Spanish state. Tensions peaked around the June 1969 World Cup playoffs between the two countries, and erupted into war on July 14. However, it is important to note that coffee, the backbone of El Salvador’s economy, has always been in the hands of El Salvador’s richest families, the “Fourteen”. The aggressive physicality of football can often lead to hostility among fans, and the Football War is no exception; it is an example of nationalistic football fervor quickly escalating into nationalistic violence. The soccer war lasted one hundred hours. Twitter. Through this arguably propagandistic and jingoistic coverage, Salvadoran media galvanized antipathy against the Honduran soccer team and the entire Honduran nation. As a result, the written word “takes on a kind of sacred character”[23] of truth since much of the population was not well educated. In many ways, propaganda acted as the most fundamental catalyst for the war itself. Accessed 15 Nov. 2009. The only chance small countries from the Third World have of evoking a lively international interest is when they decide to shed blood.”[61] This outlook and willingness to sacrifice life for temporary international attention are undoubtedly far graver aspects of the conflict than its soccer catalyst. Egypt soccer riot: Why don’t Americans kill over sports? 2 (1980): 133. Web. Rivalries can be fierce as countries vie for the most coveted prize in international sports. The Salvadoran team was serenaded endlessly by the crowd during their stay in Tegucigalpa. Between 1958 and 1980, working primarily for the Polish Press Agency, Kapuscinski covered twenty-seven revolutions and coups in Africa, Latin America, and the Middle East. The United States’ desire to stay discreetly in the background during the crisis and “operate within the framework of the regional organization”[33] stemmed from a desire to improve its image in the eyes of the OAS. In 1969, Honduras had a population of 2,333,000 in 1969, compared to El Salvador’s 3,000,000. Hondurans, overcome with national pride, began indiscriminately attacking Salvadoran immigrants. For the most part, the action stays on the pitch. 7 No. The extent of the love of football and nationalism it engenders amongst poor people in these countries can only be rivalled by religeous fervour. Two days before this second match, Honduras sealed its borders against the flow of Salvadorans, and by natural response, on June 26 El Salvador ended all diplomatic relations with Honduras. The Honduran air force retaliated with strategic bombings of oil refineries and major power centers of El Salvador. Most of the casualties on the Honduran side were citizens who took part in resisting the advances of the Salvadoran troops. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Between 1958 and 1980, working primarily for the Polish Press Agency, Kapuscinski covered twenty-seven revolutions and coups in Africa, Latin America, and the Middle East. Propaganda caused El Salvador’s army to invade Honduras to “save” victimized Salvadoran immigrants from “atrocities,” as the newspapers and leaders reported. Both nations were waiting for the straw to break the camel’s back so that a negligible event could be blown out of proportion and incite emotions in ways previously unimaginable. “Military Affairs Abroad: Salvador-Honduras War, 1969.”  Air University Review Vol. As an unexpected byproduct, the campaign heightened general Honduran nationalism among the population. These immigrants began to take jobs as factory workers and cultivators of previously barren land. It is worth noting that, given the U.S.’ desire to stay out of the conflict, it was unlikely that the OAS would take action. Comments. ” The Washington Post, Times Herald (1959-1973) 16  Jul 1969,ProQuest Historical Newspapers The Washington Post (1877 – 1993), ProQuest. The dogfights were among the final acts in a brief but bloody four-day conflict between Honduras and El Salvador, commonly (but misleadingly) known as the Football War. The countries eventually signed a peace treaty on October 30, 1980, “agreeing to continue negotiations on the final demarcation of the border.”[51] However, it would be an additional twelve years until the World Court finally resolved the border disputes, dividing territory between El Salvador and Honduras. [21] Alain Rouquié and Michel Vale, trans.., “HONDURAS-EL SALVADOR, THE WAR OF ONE HUNDRED HOURS: A CASE OF REGIONAL DISINTEGRATION,” International Journal of Politics 3.3 (1973), Historical Abstracts, 17. The fans on the Salvadoran side were angered by the Honduran victory, and their dissatisfaction that was compounded by the Salvadoran media, which used the game to create “a point of national honor.”[7] After the match, reports surfaced about the suicide of a Salvadoran woman at the conclusion of the game. References to the Soccer Wars: Onwar Daily Times [50] Danielle Morello. This victory guaranteed the U.S. a trip to South Africa for the 2010 World Cup, while Honduras was left to continue vying for a spot.[56]. Copa America Centenario Finances: A Rampant, Systemic and Deep-Rooted Corruption Scheme, Copa América Centenario Finances: A Tale of Corruption, Players to Watch at the Copa America Centenario 2016, More Players to Watch in the Copa America Centenario 2016, Euro 2016 Referees: The Stories Behind the Whistle, Euro Cup 2016 Predictions based off the FIFA Video Game, Europameisterschaft 2016: Eine deutsche Perspektive, La Suisse : Une équipe à suivre à Euro 2016, Stades et Securité en France: UEFA Euro 2016, Journey to Rio – Qualification Process for 2016 Olympic Games. The Chapultepec Peace Accords were finally signed in Chapultepec, Mexico in 1992, creating a new Constitution, regulating the armed forces, establishing a civilian police force, and transforming the FMLN from a guerrilla army to a political party. The Soccer War is a book by Ryszard Kapuściński, the Polish press correspondent in Africa and Latin America in the 1960s. . Some onlookers even reported that the stadium was set ablaze[6]. The Honduran press and radio launched a “virulent anti-Salvadoran campaign” that contributed to the previously mentioned agrarian reform program that granted government land allocation only to “Hondurans by birth.”[29]. As expected, El Salvador dominated the match, scoring three goals in 4 minutes by Juan Ramón Martínez, Elmer Acevedo, and Juan Ramón Martínez respectively. Both governments tried to stem the tide of unauthorized immigration and resultant border disputes by reestablishing the border between the two countries; however, a string of treaties intended to solve the problem were met with public contempt. They just told us to defend the national sovereignty.” [16] Through the use of media propaganda, which evoked national emotions and pride, both countries were able to convince their respective citizens that sovereignty was at stake and that there was a legitimate reason to fight this war. People say that it’s only a name, but already Americas blasphmous retort has spread to japan and Australia and Canada, as well in the Skysports have recently struck up a deal with the NFL as has Tottenham Hotspur Football club, to host NNFL games, there are also increasing number of Football related shows , which are using that disgusting expression “soccer” as part of the name, And now i’m hearing that sky are wanting a new franchise team to represent the UK in the NFL proper, which iv’e heard will be recognised within 5-6 years…..now i ask what’s going to happen to the name when the American sport also uses the same name even though the object they use isn’t even round and the game isn’t played predominately with the feet as is the case with proper football…where is this all going to lead to?…….many people couldn’t care less what it’s called, and will be easily converted, sky only care about their wallets, i mean why would they care?…….but i fear for the identity of the beautiful game, dark forces are at work trying to decieve the public, but some of us will not go down without one enormous fight……..so go on yanky punks take yer best shot, because we will be ready.. Pingback: Goalrilla Soccer Rebounder - MyJobberPlus, Pingback: That Time When Two Countries Went to War Over a Soccer Match – trantorica, Pingback: Soccer-induced nationalism is making Brexit more likely - Washington Post - Soccer News, Pingback: Der Fußballkrieg von 1969 – Chief Historian, Pingback: “Against the Trend of History’: Apartheid’s Distinct History through the Lens of Sport | SportsySports, Pingback: Inside Out by Zeina Hashem Beck | Proletarian Poetry, Pingback: Oddest Wars Ever Fought (or not fought)? The title of the book refers to the war between Honduras and San Salvador, a war that started due to Mexican world cup qualifying football match 30 odd years ago between the 2 countries. Available from . Accessed 23 November 2009. Honduras’s inability or unwillingness to integrate into the Central American Common Market served mainly to strengthen the “existing [political] order.”[39] Most recently, on June 28, 2009, the Honduran army ousted leftist President Manuel Zelaya from power after months of mounting tensions surround his attempts to “lift presidential term limits.”[40] The coup marked the first successful “military takeover of a Central American government in 16 years.”[41] In the days leading up to June 28, Zelaya had been advocating a referendum regarding the rewriting of the constitution, and one of his eventual goals was probably to extend his presidential term. We think that your contribution would help us greatly. Soccer War has 3 phases (3 soccer fields) and an extra bonus. The article also proposed that a Honduran victory could also “increase national pride, which might well be transferred to [Micheletti’s] de facto government.”[54] Despite the intense political climate surrounding the qualifying matches, politics were not allowed to interfere, and the games were played as planned. The Central American Common Market was suspended for twenty-two years, trade was disrupted, and vigorous propaganda still circulated in both El Salvador and Honduras. Part diary and part reportage, The Soccer War is a remarkable chronicle of war in the late twentieth century. The campaigns, particularly those of El Salvador, were brilliant in the sense that the press was only one factor in arousing animosity. | Omaha Sun Times, Pingback: Do Countries Experience an Increase in Military Aggression When They Go to the World Cup? The propaganda campaigns willingly prevented peace settlements that would have been instrumental in the restoration of the Central American Common Market. Even the Honduran chancellor protested the events to his Salvadoran counterpart, citing that the “mental and physical well-being of the National Football Team of Honduras”[31] was being compromised. These national policies deteriorated into propaganda campaigns, and the solution to the regional crisis was found in even more widespread press campaigns. One of its primary goals is to cultivate economic development, especially during the 1960s; it was an “Alliance for Progress” meant to “defend the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the signatory nations.” Yet the OAS did not effectively mediate the Football War. The National Federation of Farmers successfully pressured the government of President Oswaldo López Arellano, who had seized power through military coup, to deploy a government-sponsored propaganda campaign whose goal was to advance the farmers’ cause. Salvadoran President Fidel Sanchez Hernandez was the one who blamed any acts of violence on “communist and subversive elements.”[32] The leaders were the ones who made the accusations all the more believable, since the citizens believed that they could put their trust in the government. The Amelia Bolaños story, shared in Kapuscinski’s 1991 book The Soccer War, has since been debunked. At the time, television sets were rare in most Central American countries; almost all found their news through daily newspapers. That’s “soccer” to you Americans out there, but almost everyone else calls it the “Football War.” It’s extremely complicated, so here goes. More than 100,000 Salvadorans were displaced by the conflict, a shift with profound effects on the Honduran economy; those displaced left a chasm in the markets where they once participated actively. Early on the morning of July 14, the Salvadoran air force began striking targets in Honduras. During the match, Honduras took the lead with a goal in the 47th minute, but the United States eventually answered with three goals. The eponymous Soccer War erupts between the Central American Republics of Honduras and El Salvador, partially as a result of a football match between teams of the two countries. Many villages were destroyed. American owners and JP Morgan Chase wanted a new league. Actually, it is a Salvadoran F-51 Mustang. THE SOCCER WAR is another sterling volume from this master of description. El Salvador never even favored peace settlements in the first place. Judging by The Soccer War, an eccentric, understated memoir in the tradition of Joseph Conrad and Graham Greene, Kapuscinski saw enough misery, suffering, brutality, and fear to … No. After accepting Zelaya’s supposed letter of resignation, the National Congress quickly named Roberto Micheletti, a congressional leader and member of Zelaya’s political party, as his successor and called the coup “a democratic act.”[43] The United States government, the United Nations, the Organization of American States, and every other country in Latin America have refused to recognize Micheletti as President, condemning Zelaya’s removal as a coup. The Salvadoran mass media took advantage of anti-Salvadoran skirmishes that occurred in Honduras to aggravate the mood of soccer fanatics back in El Salvador and exploit those emotions into tangible action. . Soon after the U.S.-Honduras game, another match also brought to mind some lingering memories of the Soccer War. 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