Other configurations arose as needed. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. [46][page needed], In the United States, the primary aerial cameras were the K-series and naval F-series produced by Fairchild. To supply the German military intelligence organs with information re its neighbors (and future enemies), the German Abwehr turned to a former World War One aviator - Theodor Rowehl - for assistance. In the interwar years, reconnaissance languished as a mission type and tended to be overshadowed by routine aerial mapping. However there were hundreds of aircraft types used between 1939 and 1945 and inevitably some were abject failures. By the invasion of Normandy in June 1944, the U.S. 8th and 9th Air Forces had an immense reconnaissance wing in Colonel Roosevelt's 325th Reconnaissance Wing. Babington Smith noted that the Zossen image library was soon discovered in a barn in Bad Reichenhall near Berchtesgaden, and that the square-foot sized photographs were impressive. In special circumstances it was necessary to bring along fighter escorts; this phenomenon arose again in the last months when the hitherto sovereign Mosquito began to be picked off by Messerschmitt Me 262 jets. Wir führen alle namhaften Hersteller und Exoten. This page was last edited on 4 May 2021, at 20:53. The aerial photographs over Ethiopia in 1935-1941 consist of 8281 assemblages on hardboard tiles, each holding a label, one nadir-pointing photograph flanked by two low-oblique photographs and one high-oblique photograph. C-54 Skymaster 5. For mapping, a six-inch lens was standard. [9] See Photo interpretation. Stereoscopic imaging using overlapping exposures was refined and standardized for mapping. His work would dominate the field for decades, including in the form of foreign copies. One of Ermenegildo Santoni’s glass plate multi-cameras was used, with focal length of 178 mm and with a flight height of 4000-4500 metres above sea level, which resulted in an approximate scale of 1:11,500 for the central photograph and 1:16,000 to 1:18,000 for the low-oblique photos. A very large fraction of RAF reconnaissance was consumed in tracking German capital ships. As a result, nearly all recon aircraft were converted combat aircraft, and the proposed dedicated U.S. types (F-11 and F-12) were canceled after the peace. The four photos were exposed simultaneously and were taken across the flight line. These were in practice more utility aircraft than dedicated reconnaissance platforms. Although the RAF usually preferred area bombing, it promoted a similar reconnaissance emphasis, for example in the celebrated discovery, coverage, and analysis of the Peenemunde rocket range which culminated in the Operation Hydra raid in august 1943. The mission type branched out into many sub-types, including new electronic forms of reconnaissance. Konica and Nikon were the main manufactures. used from 1943. Film and analyses would go to Fliegerkorps (higher-level) staff later; eventually top-level staff at the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (OKW) headquarters at Zossen near Berlin would receive the products for filing and possibly strategic integration. Numerous other technical and tactical problems virtually brought American reconnaissance to a halt; but it rebounded swiftly, and by the time of the invasion of Sicily in July (Operation Husky), a very credible joint capability existed, the NAPRW comprising South African, Free French, and New Zealand units as well as RAF and USAAC units. [17][page needed], Leading up to the war, the United States developed an indigenous high-quality optics capability led by Bausch & Lomb of Rochester, N.Y.; however this company had been allied to Germany's Zeiss-Jena. 1 Photographic Development Unit (PDU) at RAF Heston and then RAF Benson, a unit from which most later British air reconnaissance developed. A full list of aircraft from 1933–1945 can be found in the Reich Aviation Ministry's list of aircraft at list of RLM aircraft designations and a full explanation is at RLM aircraft designation system. It was an expansion determined mostly by trial and error, represented mostly by new tactics, new procedures, and new technology, though rarely by specialized aircraft types. However, they learned a lot about the discipline from the Americans when the U.S. Army Air Forces operated from three Ukrainian bases in 1944 (Operation Frantic). Fighters and interceptors Soon after the war, the CIA did develop such a dedicated aircraft, the U-2. At first Britain used a handful of hastily modified Spitfires (PR 1) and some medium twins (Bristol Blenheims) for photographic reconnaissance, supplemented by in-action footage shot from regular bombing aircraft. One who was there reported that at the ACIU, 1,700 officers and enlistees studied 85,000 images daily. C-420 Stratoliner 8. These countermeasures, also including going underground and exploiting snow cover, came to represent some of the limitations of overhead reconnaissance even in conditions of overwhelming air superiority. Each staffel (squadron, roughly) had a Bildgruppe of interpreters, who would telephone urgent intelligence to nearby headquarters. [13][page needed], Unlike the case in the previous war, French reconnaissance was now comparatively ineffective on all levels, and entirely lacked a strategic perspective. Something of the method adopted by German reconnaissance units is described by Oberst a.D. Fabian von Bonin von Ostau, who served in Panzer-Aufklaerungs-Abteilung 1: Having been given a task by division, the commanding officer would despatch several troops along the most important axes and lead them personally. Dissertation, OSU, 2005. In addition to serving as a level bomber, the Do 217 could be configured as a night fighter, a torpedo bomber, and a reconnaissance aircraft. The extensive O-series of aircraft, such as the Douglas O-38 and its descendants, were typically low and slow and used for direct Army liaison, artillery spotting, and observation. The Luftwaffe also successfully deployed night photography with flash bombs, as amply documented by the BDA of the annihilating German attack on the USAAF in the Ukrainian SSR in June 1944. The Axis had no comparable strategic capability and most Axis air resources were consumed in support of massive ground battles. This was possible partly because Soviet air opposition was weak, and because of the Soviet leadership's conviction that Germany would not attack. Because of a singular devotion to victory through strategic bombing, the USAAF placed extraordinary emphasis on reconnaissance. The RAF rejected the P-38, as well. [51], Questions arose over why German reconnaissance had been ineffective. The He-115 held two 960 PS (947 hp 720kW) BMW 132 K nine-cylinder air-cooled radial engines. From the German perspective, this was defensible considering that about 90% of the action lay in large land-battles in the East, and an expensive long-range air capability would have been unlikely to effectively change the outcome. Despite the promising performance of the F-4, there were so many technical problems with the early versions that the model was largely rejected by its crews when it did reach combat zones. In June 1945 the Americans under Goddard evacuated most of the top scientific staff to the West; however, Soviet troops moved the physical plant to the USSR, enslaving the remaining high-value workers there.[54]. [33] They also usually flew singly or in widely spread pairs. These aircraft reached as far as Ceylon. Antonov A-40. Second-line photographic aircraft (such as Douglas Bostons, Bristol Blenheims, Martin Marylands) were relegated to less contested skies. [22][page needed], Axis partners, Italy and Japan, successfully performed long-distance reconnaissance prior to meeting stiffening opposition in 1942. The RAF turned Medmenham into the Allied Central Interpretation Unit (ACIU), inviting the Americans to participate on a joint basis, and continued to spin off new squadrons with high-performance reconnaissance aircraft based both in the British Isles and in the Mediterranean. [37] If the invasion was counted as a major reconnaissance success, the German Ardennes offensive (Battle of the Bulge) in December was a major failure. Goddard. At the beginning, France had a significant corps of Blériot type observation aircraft, soon replaced by a profusion of more capable types. By then, no other country, including the Soviet Union, had national technical means for reconnaissance remotely rivaling those the RAF-USAF founded during the war. captured from Soviets, glider/target tug. Italy entered the war in 1940 with a very large number of obsolete observation aircraft, mostly open-cockpit biplanes assigned directly to Army commands. [29][page needed]. In sharp contrast with the case during the pre-war years, by 1945 air reconnaissance was widely recognized as a vital, indispensable component of air power. A version of the very advanced Dornier Do 335 Pfeil was assigned to reconnaissance duties. All Aircraft - coastal based and ship based - were under command of the Luftwaffe and flown by Luftwaffe officers, following the Görings order "everything that flies belongs to me". (It soon was renamed 1 PRU, R for reconnaissance. This led to an emphasis on long-term surveillance, and also to centralized analysis correlating photography with other sources (such as agents on the ground). aufklarer ww2 german luftwaffe reconnaissance aircraft and units 1935-41 rb soft - $70.35. The aircraft never went into production becau e (1) it looked di figured, (2) n. Feb 5, 2014 - Thi i a German Blohm und Vo Bv 141 two- eat reconnai ance aircraft. Wir führen alle namhaften Hersteller und Exoten. While German optics were superior, experts noted that standard German reconnaissance cameras, though excellent, were heavy and not optimized for aerial use. Some sold. The extremely close operating relationship between the RAF and the USAAF (USAF from 1947) would survive the war, and the tactics, technology, terminology and in general the shared intellectual infrastructure in aerial surveillance and analysis would transition into the Cold War, becoming embodied in the National Reconnaissance Office by 1960. [28] However, this period marked the beginning of a year-long struggle by the USAAF, led especially by Colonel Roosevelt, to acquire the Mosquito and to also develop a brand new reconnaissance aircraft – a quest that would result in the ill-fated and scandal-ridden Hughes XF-11. The Army, which encountered little air opposition in China, used a variety of aircraft types and cameras. 369 girlswant to drink wine, tell the man not to waste your time 7. C-108 Flying Fortress 12. No ISBN. The various parties went into the new war with mostly the same cameras and procedures they had used when exiting the last one. A common installation was the trimetrogon: one vertical, and one oblique to each side. The British found that a rearwards-facing camera could overcome some of the jitter from sideways movement, and that very low-level photography (called dicing) benefitted from an almost side-ways camera view. [35] It was generally agreed that the Mosquito, designated F-8 by the Americans, was the best platform – apart from its performance, it offered the use of another operator in the glazed nose, which made both navigation and the very delicate selection of camera controls to match speed and altitude easier than in the single-seat F-5 Lightnings. The Navy's standard Nakajima C6N "Myrt" was also an extremely capable reconnaissance platform from 1944 on. WWII German Aircraft - bombers, fighters, flying boats, reconnaissance, and transports: Junkers 87B, Junkers 88, Me-410A, Junkers 188, Junkers 388L, Me-109G, Me-110C, FW-190, FW-190D, Me-262, Dornier 18, Blohm 141, Junkers 52, Me-323. Listed roles are those for which the aircraft were being used during the war – many obsolete pre-war combat aircraft remained in use as trainers rather than in their original more familiar roles. Inventor Sherman Fairchild had developed the K-3 in 1919 based on experience from the Great War. (in Italian)". [5], Strategic reconnaissance in its embryonic form began with the flights carried out over Germany by Australian businessman Sidney Cotton just before the outbreak of war in Europe. Thanks in large part to the advocacy of the Director of Photographic Intelligence, the also very controversial Colonel Minton Kaye, a run of 100 Lockheed P-38 Lightningswere set aside for modification to F-4 standard, incorporating the trigonometr… A full list of project aircraft and captured aircraft can be found at list of RLM aircraft designations in the form of the Reich Aviation Ministry's list of aircraft.See German aircraft production during World War IIfor the most produced types. This resulted in heavier demands on reconnaissance for before-and-after photography; and the documented poor results (as well as heavy losses) led to a shift to night-time area bombing. As of 1936, the aerial photographs were used to prepare topographic maps at 1:100,000 and 1:50,000 scales. Used pending delivery of Bf 109's. By 1941, prompted by the British experience, Americans began to understand the need for a much expanded air reconnaissance concept. Three modified for carrier trials. In Italy, the Mediterranean Allied Photographic Reconnaissance Wing under Colonel Polifka provided similar services, and using staging bases in the Ukraine these units together could provide full, regular coverage of the shrinking Axis territory. The RAF continued to display leadership in the field, and now took on the role of on-the-job mentor to the Americans. [49], Japanese cameras were a mixture of domestic and imported/copied types. Used for night harassment raids. The RAF maintained a similar large number of reconnaissance squadrons, dominated by Spitfires and Mosquitos; however, in the Far East and the Middle East, less capable types tended to be allocated to reconnaissance and army cooperation. This required at least two men for handling and produced 12x12 (32 cm) images. C-47 Skytrain 3. 60% overlap between subsequent sets of APs. Also, the distinction between strategic and tactical reconnaissance became clear, and sub-specialties like weather reconnaissance, radar photography, and bomb-damage assessment (BDA) became current. Besides, for strategic intelligence the Soviets had thoroughly infiltrated both Allied and Axis governments at the most sensitive levels.[45]. As always it was at the tactical level that the Germans excelled, and short-range aircraft were able to hold their own in the East until fuel, pilots, and even aircraft became depleted. For special demanding tasks a high-altitude photographic reconnaissance aircraft, the pressurized Junkers Ju 86P was available in very small numbers, but it could not survive after 1943. [30][page needed], During this period Wing Commander Adrian Warburton built a reputation as a daring and productive reconnaissance pilot; and Wing Commander D. W. Steventon undertook many important missions, inc. some of the first overflights of the German experimental site of Peenemünde Army Research Center on the Baltic coast. The Luftwaffe maintained air superiority in the East until late in the war, but simply could not bring enough resources to bear for air power to be decisive. The United States got access to a limited amount of German coverage of the European part of the Soviet Union, and soon began a costly and technically ambitious program to obtain pictures of the rest. In addition, the technique widely known as “dicing” – extreme low-altitude photography at high speed – came to be adopted by the Allies for special work. Sidney Cotton's work found only grudging approval with the Royal Air Force, but eventually his work was incorporated into No. A transformational growth in air reconnaissance occurred in the years 1939–45, especially in Britain and then in the United States. Supermarine Spitfires and Mosquitos were found to be the best reconnaissance platforms, as everyone now realized that speed, range, and altitude were essential to survival and good photographs. This was a converted airliner unsuitable for the rigors of combat. Nonetheless, the American reconnaissance expert, then-captain George William Goddard, said that he much coveted German technical leadership, specifically as represented by Carl Zeiss Jena optical works, and he was pleased to briefly occupy that facility at the end of the war. The reason, grounded in history and geography, was that Germany had no strategic bombing doctrine and viewed air power as an auxiliary of land armies. Post-battle investigation maintained that the problem lay not in obtaining airborne evidence, but in integrating the numerous disparate data points into a coherent picture. It commanded two groups, the 25th Bombardment Group at RAF Watton and the 7th PRG at RAF Mount Farm (other units supported tactical reconnaissance for the 9th Air Force). Japanese aircraft reconnoitered the Philippines prior to 7 December 1941. [15][16], Despite a considerable technological and numerical head start, Germany gradually neglected aerial reconnaissance, at least relative to Britain. Feb 5, 2014 - Thi i a German Blohm und Vo Bv 141 two- eat reconnai ance aircraft. Mission4Today › ForumsPro › R & R Forums › Photo Galleries › WWII Aircraft Photo's › Germany. [50][page needed]. By that time, new F-5 models of the Lightning were becoming available, and they were found to be far more reliable and capable. [10][page needed] Thanks to bomb damage assessment (BDA) the complete failure of precision daylight bombing soon became apparent, the vast majority of bombers not even coming close to their targets. "The Macchi-Castoldi Series. He was responsible for most of the technical advantages adopted by the USAAC during the early war years. They were much more effective in Northern Norway against the Arctic convoys. C-82 Packet 10. After the First World War, Rowehl worked for an aerial photography company… Article by Pablo G. Romero. This endeavor even included stationing photo detachments at Vaenga air field on the Kola Peninsula. This list covers aircraft of the German Luftwaffe during the Second World War from 1939 to 1945. On behalf of first French and then British intelligence, Cotton outfitted civilian Lockheed Electras with hidden cameras and was able to snap useful footage during business trips. Although a foreign concept in modern warfare, military gliders were a large part of air … Numerical designations are largely within the RLM designation system. The tendency to overestimate both threat and damage was endemic to the field. At this time the RAF still used the vintage F8 and F24 cameras, later adding the larger F52. [32] A scientific approach to reconnaissance developed, topped by the involvement of the Prime Minister when particularly notable results were discussed, such as the discovery of German jet fighters in test. The period saw a rapid development of longer focal lengths in order to enable high-resolution high-altitude photography. Initially, some strategic surveillance was carried out by three-engined bombers, and Italian aircraft ranged from Nigeria to Abyssinia to Bahrein (one flew to Japan and back). [3] In the United States, apart from the case of small army-cooperation observation planes, the emphasis was almost completely on aerial mapping conducted by long-range bombers. jet flying wing, only one flown under power. In 1943 ,the Panzer 38(t) tank had been withdrawn from front line operations, as it w… World War II. In effect, the Luftwaffe was unable to carry out regular surveillance of critical targets like the British Isles prior to the invasion of June 1944; indeed, one German aircraft was “allowed” to overfly Dover in order to report on a fake invasion build-up there. Command structure and unit designations changed incessantly. Leading up to the invasion of France, concentration was on ports, forts, railways and airports, using mostly Dornier Do 17Ps and Heinkel He 111Hs, already vulnerable types, and rapid conversion to Junkers Ju 88D, later Ju 88H followed. These cameras had shutter-in-focal-plane, whereas U.S. cameras standardized on shutter-between-lenses, claiming this reduced distortion.[48]. There is approx. [43] But since the industrial mismatch was insurmountable, it is doubtful what difference a greater German emphasis on strategic reconnaissance and commensurate bombardment would have made. In the 1930s, gradual technical progress in the leading air nations led to advances particularly in photogrammetry and cartography, but failed to be translated into a capable operational reconnaissance capability. Colonel Roosevelt pioneered night photography over Sicily. Numerous Aufklärungs (up-clearing, i.e. In these matters, once aroused, the Anglo powers together had the required heft and persistence; the opposition simply was not nearly as strong or as mentally adjusted to a protracted global conflict. I’ve always enjoyed ‘worst of’ lists and had an interest in aviation, so I thought it time to combine the two. With different configurations, different models could seat four and had unique weapon arrangements. A small number of surviving pre-1933 aircraft were overlooked by the RLM system and just used the company names or designations. Noted writer and reconnaissance pilot Antoine de Saint-Exupéry flew this aircraft before the fall of France. A high-oblique photograph is presented alternatively at left and at right. This Nahaufklärung was primarily successful on the Eastern Front where immediate results were desired, and these units were directly under Army field command. There are countless books, dvds and websites about the great aircraft of World War Two. 1. [1] Color photography from the air was introduced in 1935 in the United States, but did not find widespread application. [55][page needed], Babington Smith, p78; Stanley, p268 et passim. The Americans also produced and used British cameras (F24 as K24). Fachkompetende Beratung, riesen Auswahl und hohe … [27], When the United States and Britain invaded French North Africa in November 1942, the hastily improvised reconnaissance capability was quickly checked by reality. Between 64 – 70 Aufklärungspanzer 38(t) vehicles were converted from old stocks of the Czech built Panzer 38(t) tanks. [14], The Istituto Geografico Militare acquired aerial photographs to sustain its war effort against Ethiopia in the mid 1930s. This list does not primarily include projects, prototypes or captured aircraft but consists mostly of the most common aircraft of the German Luftwaffe that participated in the Second World War. As in many other aspects of the war, it instead highlighted that reconnaissance must be viewed and developed holistically, as a national (or multinational) capability integrating many advanced resources, scientific, industrial, and intellectual; it also requires a centralized management tying it in with other intelligence specialties and related disciplines like targeting. Up to 1940, the USAAC’s interest in reconnaissance was centered in one small office at Wright Field, Ohio, headed by the controversial Captain George William Goddard. The U.S. K-17 (9x9 inch image) with several different lenses was especially ubiquitous. But the German Air Force, expecting a quick victory, did not build an integrated reconnaissance and interpretation capability as a core national security asset like the Anglo Allies did. The Royal Flying Corps entered the war with the slow but stable and reliable B.E.2 reconnaissance aircraft. The Army used small, usually handheld Type 96, 99 (K-20), and 100. These included several platforms such as the unarmed Mitsubishi Ki-46 "Dinah" known as the "Japanese Mosquito"(? Losses were on the order of 5–10%. [2] Experiments with flash bomb photography at night were carried out pre-war, but did not lead to an operational capability until later in the war. Large numbers of open-cockpit Mureaux 115/117 and light twin Potez 630 series were assigned to Army cooperation according to observation doctrines from the previous war. [34] Also, infrared film began to be used at the end of the war. In general, the focal length in cm was indicated by the first number and the plate size by the second, thus Rb50/30. C-46 Commando 4. In 2004 the last remnants of the communist East German armed forces "NVA" have been given to neighbour countries of Germany, like Poland. Initially many cameras still used German Zeiss and Schneider optics. Lighter-than-air platforms would soon be eclipsed, though not replaced, by fixed-wing aircraft. 1. Also pressurized, the Junkers Ju 388L could reach 45,000 ft (14,000 m) and much higher airspeeds than the Ju 86P but only 50 examples were built late in the war and few saw operational service. Surprisingly, this was even the case in the United States, where the Air Corps had staked its future on the doctrine of strategic bombing. Reconnaissance Unit example: Panzer Aufklärungs (Armoured Reconnaissance) ( Aufklärungsabteilung) Battalion "Großdeutschland" Upon expansion to a panzergrenadier Division, this battalion adopted golden-yellow waffenfarbe and cavalry traditions for all its companies. The top name to emerge was that of Colonel Karl Polifka, an extremely aggressive pilot who developed many of the tactics that would later become standard. [20][page needed], Germany emphasized tactical reconnaissance and invested considerably in both modified aircraft – primarily Ju 88s and Junkers Ju 188s – and in dedicated types such as the asymmetric Blohm & Voss BV 141 (20 built) and the twin-boom Focke-Wul Fw 189 Uhu (nearly 900 produced). The latter standardized on the Yokosuka D4Y Suisei ("Judy") and Nakajima C6N ("Myrt") multi-seat aircraft. https://military.wikia.org/wiki/Aerial_reconnaissance_in_World_War_II Great flight precision was needed especially for exposures for stereography and cartography in general. [39] (However, Brugioni maintains that Germany did conduct sufficient flights to estimate the time and place of the invasion. Neutral countries seemingly remained in the World War I mindset of trench observation. [38], German reconnaissance languished in the west because radar-aided air defenses there made survival unlikely. The U.S. Navy, prompted by the intelligence failure at Pearl Harbor, invested in long-range patrol aircraft like the ubiquitous PBY Catalina. The results obtained from reconnaissance were controversial. C-76 Caravan 9. 12, 24, 36 and ultimately 60-inch lenses came into use. The Navy often used copies of the American Fairchild K-8 and K-20, and also a copy of the U.S. Navy's F-8. UC-43 Traveler 13. Powered by a 240-hp Argus As 10C inverted-V-8, air-cooled engine driving a pusher propeller, the Si 201 had poor dynamics and thus a maximum speed of only 185 km/h (115 mph) and a range of 450 km (280 miles). The Combined/Joint Intelligence Committee (CIC) ensured centralized tasking for critical objectives. [23][page needed], The Soviet Union had no advanced reconnaissance resources, but emphasized visual observation and reporting over the battle space. Seeaufklärer and Kustenflieger groups used seaplanes of many different types with considerable success in coastal areas, especially from Norway. A regular daily weather reconnaissance was kept up over the North Sea. Japan trained only a relative handful of officers as photo interpreters. [47], In Britain, the small F24 (5x5 image) and the derivative but much larger F52 (8.5x7) aerial cameras dominated, the former being used mostly for night photography with the aid of flash bombs. The reunified Germany's military aircraft consisted of a mix of East and West German Aircraft that were in service along with new aircraft acquired after combining. In short order, it began to evaluate the effectiveness of bombing. The Messerschmitt Me 262, nicknamed Schwalbe (German: "Swallow") in fighter versions, or Sturmvogel (German: "Storm Bird") in fighter-bomber versions, was the world's first operational jet-powered fighter aircraft. UC-61 For… By 1942–43 the Condor menace was subsiding, and German long-range aircraft had great difficulty surviving in the Atlantic. In Germany, the Army Chief, Werner Freiherr von Fritsch, noted that in the next war, whoever had the best air reconnaissance would win – and thereby won himself a perfunctory mention in almost all subsequent works on the topic. President Franklin D. Roosevelt's son, Colonel Elliott Roosevelt, led the American reconnaissance assets and in February joined with RAF units in the multinational Northwest African Photographic Reconnaissance Wing (NAPRW). The RAF also early developed the standard three-phase interpretation procedure: first phase required immediate response (such as advancing columns of armor sighted); second phase required 24- hour handling (such as concentrations of landing crafts in ports); and third phase was for long-term analysis (such as industrial targets like coal gasification plants). Some sold to Finland. While aerial photography was allocated to tactically inferior aircraft, and aerial mapping advanced considerably, there was no concept of strategic reconnaissance and little thought given to analysis and interpretation. The F24 became especially useful in night photography. for sale! They needed long-range maritime surveillance to hunt submarines just as the Luftwaffe needed it to hunt convoys. The handbook was issued to 'roof-watchers', who would attempt to spot planes from atop buildings such as factories. 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