Asperger syndrome (AS) is a developmental disorder. [13][70] Evidence for a genetic link is that AS tends to run in families where more family members have limited behavioral symptoms similar to AS (for example, some problems with social interaction, or with language and reading skills). [73] It maps well to general-processing theories such as weak central coherence theory, which hypothesizes that a limited ability to see the big picture underlies the central disturbance in ASD. [96], Different screening instruments are used to diagnose AS,[9][66] including the Asperger Syndrome Diagnostic Scale (ASDS); Autism Spectrum Screening Questionnaire (ASSQ); Childhood Autism Spectrum Test (CAST), previously called the Childhood Asperger Syndrome Test;[97] Gilliam Asperger's disorder scale (GADS); Krug Asperger's Disorder Index (KADI);[98] and the autism-spectrum quotient (AQ), with versions for children,[99] adolescents,[100] and adults. Affected people, who are normally intelligent, are physically clumsy, have unusual narrow interests and great difficulty in managing social relationships and are often considered simply as eccentric loners. [145] In a 2002 paper, Simon Baron-Cohen wrote of those with AS: "In the social world, there is no great benefit to a precise eye for detail, but in the worlds of maths, computing, cataloging, music, linguistics, engineering, and science, such an eye for detail can lead to success rather than failure." [25][26][27] It became a standardized diagnosis in the early 1990s. Asperger’s syndrome was a unique diagnosis listed in the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnosis and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) until 2013, when all forms of autism were combined under one umbrella diagnosis, autism spectrum disorder (ASD). [46], The cognitive ability of children with AS often allows them to articulate social norms in a laboratory context,[13] where they may be able to show a theoretical understanding of other people's emotions; however, they typically have difficulty acting on this knowledge in fluid, real-life situations. [110] Vocational training is important to teach job interview etiquette and workplace behavior to older children and adults with AS, and organization software and personal data assistants can improve the work and life management of people with AS. Because narrow topics often capture the interest of children, this symptom may go unrecognized. [149], Neurodevelopmental disorder affecting social interaction, "Asperger" and "Asperger's" redirect here. Children with AS want to know everything about their topic of interest and their conversations with others will be about little else. They may approach other people, but make normal conversation impossible by inappropriate or eccentric behavior, or by wanting only to talk about their singular interest. [29][30][31] The ASD classification is to some extent an artifact of how autism was discovered,[32] and may not reflect the true nature of the spectrum;[33] methodological problems have beset Asperger syndrome as a valid diagnosis from the outset. [13] The atypical antipsychotic medications risperidone, olanzapine and aripiprazole have been shown to reduce the associated symptoms of AS;[13][111][112] risperidone can reduce repetitive and self-injurious behaviors, aggressive outbursts, and impulsivity, and improve stereotypical patterns of behavior and social relatedness. Despite high cognitive potential, most young adults with AS remain at home, yet some do marry and work independently. [13], The hypothesis that individuals with AS are predisposed to violent or criminal behavior has been investigated but is not supported by data. [102] Although progress has been made, data supporting the efficacy of particular interventions are limited. [90] There are indications AS has been diagnosed more frequently in recent years, partly as a residual diagnosis for children of normal intelligence who are not autistic but have social difficulties. [114] Sedative side-effects in school-age children[117] have ramifications for classroom learning. [13] Many accounts of individuals with AS and ASD report other unusual sensory and perceptual skills and experiences. [124] Part of the variance in estimates arises from differences in diagnostic criteria. [13][29] For example, a child might memorize camera model numbers while caring little about photography. Get the latest public health information from HHS Asperger syndrome (AS) is a developmental disorder. [9], Many children with AS are initially misdiagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Children with AS usually have a history of developmental delays in motor skills such as pedaling a bike, catching a ball, or climbing outdoor play equipment. Asperger's however, can be present in girls as well. [13] Reports have associated AS with medical conditions such as aminoaciduria and ligamentous laxity, but these have been case reports or small studies and no factors have been associated with AS across studies. I can't concentrate or get things done. [113], Care must be taken with medications, as side effects may be more common and harder to evaluate in individuals with AS, and tests of drugs' effectiveness against comorbid conditions routinely exclude individuals from the autism spectrum. [29] Suicidal behavior appears to occur at rates similar to those without ASD. [41] ASD, in turn, is a subset of the broader autism phenotype, which describes individuals who may not have ASD but do have autistic-like traits, such as social deficits. [57], Although individuals with Asperger syndrome acquire language skills without significant general delay and their speech typically lacks significant abnormalities, language acquisition and use is often atypical. There is no evidence that these motor skills problems differentiate AS from other high-functioning ASDs. [6] Brain imaging has not identified a common underlying condition. [126], Anxiety disorders and major depressive disorder are the most common conditions seen at the same time; comorbidity of these in persons with AS is estimated at 65%. [13] The "different-ness" adolescents experience can be traumatic. Asperger’s syndrome, also called Asperger’s disorder, is a type of pervasive developmental disorder (PDD). Definition. Children and adults with Asperger’s syndrome experience a wide variety of symptoms, and no two cases are exactly the same. [29] Partly because of this, the percentage of people affected is not firmly established. [9] Most children improve as they grow up, but social and communication difficulties usually persist. [29], Children with AS may have a sophisticated vocabulary at a young age and such children have often been colloquially called "little professors"[59] but have difficulty understanding figurative language and tend to use language literally. Speech may convey a sense of incoherence; the conversational style often includes monologues about topics that bore the listener, fails to provide context for comments, or fails to suppress internal thoughts. I have an impaired ability to relate to people. [6] While it is largely inherited, the underlying genetics have not been determined conclusively. They are often awkward and poorly coordinated with a walk that can appear either stilted or bouncy. [19] As of 2006[update], no studies addressing the long-term outcome of individuals with Asperger syndrome are available and there are no systematic long-term follow-up studies of children with AS. While most professionals agree that the earlier the intervention, the better, there is no treatment combination that is recommended above others. Asperger syndrome, or Asperger’s, is a previously used diagnosis on the autism spectrum. [29] People with AS may analyze and distill their observations of social interaction into rigid behavioral guidelines and apply these rules in awkward ways, such as forced eye contact, resulting in a demeanor that appears rigid or socially naïve. It is Not a Separate Condition. What does Asperger's syndrome mean? "[148] He describes neurodiversity as a "tempting escape valve". [131] Whether it should be seen as distinct from high-functioning autism is a fundamental issue requiring further study,[14] and there are questions about the empirical validation of the DSM-IV and ICD-10 criteria. [146], By contrast, Pier Jaarsma and Welin wrote in 2011 that the "broad version of the neurodiversity claim, covering low-functioning as well as high-functioning autism, is problematic. [14] There are legal implications for individuals with AS as they run the risk of exploitation by others and may be unable to comprehend the societal implications of their actions. Individuals with AS may be unable to identify and communicate their internal moods and emotions or to tolerate side effects that for most people would not be problematic. [88][89], Underdiagnosis and overdiagnosis may be problems. [17][40], The World Health Organization (WHO) defined Asperger syndrome (AS) as one of the autism spectrum disorders (ASD) or pervasive developmental disorders (PDD), which are a spectrum of psychological conditions that are characterized by abnormalities of social interaction and communication that pervade the individual's functioning, and by restricted and repetitive interests and behavior. [13][14] Signs usually begin before two years of age and in many cases never resolve. Asperger's syndrome, also known as Asperger disorder or Asperger syndrome, is one of a group of neurodevelopmental disorders that have effects on an individual's behavior, use of language and communication, and pattern of social interactions. [58], Three aspects of communication patterns are of clinical interest: poor prosody, tangential and circumstantial speech, and marked verbosity. Asperger's syndrome - a psychiatric disorder usually noted during early school years; characterized by impaired social relations and by repetitive patterns of behavior folie , mental disorder , mental disturbance , psychological disorder , disturbance - (psychiatry) a psychological disorder of thought or emotion; a more neutral term than mental illness [143] There is a contrast between the attitude of adults with self-identified AS, who typically do not want to be cured and are proud of their identity; and parents of children with AS, who typically seek assistance and a cure for their children. Although not required for diagnosis, physical clumsiness and unusual use of language are common. Other studies include a clinical trial testing the effectiveness of an anti-depressant in individuals with AS and HFA who exhibit high levels of obsessive/ritualistic behavior and a long-range study to collect and analyze DNA samples from a large group of children with AS and HFA and their families to identify genes and genetic interactions that are linked to AS and HFA. [132] As a child, Asperger appears to have exhibited some features of the very condition named after him, such as remoteness and talent in language. [14], Asperger's paper was published during World War II and in German, so it was not widely read elsewhere. [30] Despite strong evidence of impaired humor appreciation, anecdotal reports of humor in individuals with AS seem to challenge some psychological theories of AS and autism.[60]. [106] Abnormalities in metabolism, cardiac conduction times, and an increased risk of type 2 diabetes have been raised as concerns with antipsychotic medications,[114][115] along with serious long-term neurological side effects. Today, Asperger's syndrome is technically no longer a diagnosis on its own. Many of the Institutes at the NIH, including the NINDS, are sponsoring research to understand what causes AS and how it can be effectively treated. [10] A 2003 review of epidemiological studies of children found autism rates ranging from 0.03 to 4.84 per 1,000, with the ratio of autism to Asperger syndrome ranging from 1.5:1 to 16:1;[123] combining the geometric mean ratio of 5:1 with a conservative prevalence estimate for autism of 1.3 per 1,000 suggests indirectly that the prevalence of AS might be around 0.26 per 1,000. Date last modified: Wed, 2019-03-27 16:20, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Tel: 800-311-3435; 404-639-3311; 404-639-3543, MAAP Services - Autism Spectrum Connection, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), Tel: 301-443-4513; 866-615-6464; 866-415-8051 (TTY), High School, Undergraduate, & Post-Baccalaureate, Interagency Research Coordinating Committees, National Advisory Council (NANDSC) Meeting - May 2021, NINDS Contributions to Approved Therapies, NINDS Interpretation of the NIH GDS Policy, Administrative, Executive, and Scientific Careers, Get the latest funding, research, and public health information from NINDS, Get the latest research information from NIH, Get the latest public health information from HHS, Get the latest public health information from CDC, Autism Spectrum Disorder Information Page, Office of Global Health and Health Disparities. What is Asperger syndrome? Many adults with AS are able to work successfully in mainstream jobs, although they may continue to need encouragement and moral support to maintain an independent life. [9] Interventions may include social skills training, cognitive behavioral therapy, physical therapy, speech therapy, parent training, and medications for associated problems, such as mood or anxiety. What is Asperger’s Syndrome? What is Asperger’s syndrome? The narrow conception of the neurodiversity claim should be accepted but the broader claim should not. Asperger syndrome is part of the autism spectrum disorder (ASD). With the publication, in May of 2013, of the Diagnostic and Statistical … [22][23] The syndrome is named after the Austrian pediatrician Hans Asperger, who, in 1944, described children in his care who struggled to form friendships, did not understand others' gestures or feelings, engaged in one-sided conversations about their favorite interests, and were clumsy. [75], Although the specific underpinnings of AS or factors that distinguish it from other ASDs are unknown, and no clear pathology common to individuals with AS has emerged,[13] it is still possible that AS's mechanism is separate from other ASDs. [105] Depression is often the result of chronic frustration from repeated failure to engage others socially, and mood disorders requiring treatment may develop. [13] There may be shared genes in which particular alleles make an individual vulnerable, and varying combinations result in differing severity and symptoms in each person with AS. Some of them may even display selective mutism, not speaking at all to most people and excessively to specific others. [29] This social awkwardness has been called "active but odd". Asperger's syndrome refers to a high-functioning form of autism. [37] Other sets of diagnostic criteria have been proposed by Szatmari et al. [13] Clinical experience suggests the rate of suicide may be higher among those with AS, but this has not been confirmed by systematic empirical studies. [44] Intense preoccupation with a narrow subject, one-sided verbosity, restricted prosody, and physical clumsiness are typical of the condition, but are not required for diagnosis. It's given me bad fine motor coordination problems where I can hardly write. Asperger's syndrome. AS cannot be … Asperger’s syndrome (AS) is considered to be on the mild end of a group of neurological disorders known as autism spectrum disorders. Asperger's syndrome refers to a high-functioning form of autism. [85], Standard diagnostic criteria require impairment in social interaction and repetitive and stereotyped patterns of behavior, activities, and interests, without significant delay in language or cognitive development. Ga naar zoeken Ga naar hoofdinhoud. [10] Autism spectrum disorder is diagnosed in males more often than females, and females are typically diagnosed at a later age. [69] Although AS, lower sleep quality, and alexithymia are associated with each other, their causal relationship is unclear. A person who has Asperger syndrome may not fit in well with other people, and may be unable to … [119] Most students with AS and HFA have average mathematical ability and test slightly worse in mathematics than in general intelligence, but some are gifted in mathematics. [62] Children with ASD often demonstrate enhanced perception of small changes in patterns such as arrangements of objects or well-known images; typically this is domain-specific and involves processing of fine-grained features. [78], The underconnectivity theory hypothesizes underfunctioning high-level neural connections and synchronization, along with an excess of low-level processes. Problems with social interaction, non-verbal communication, restricted interests, and repetitive behavior. Proponents of this view reject the notion that there is an "ideal" brain configuration and that any deviation from the norm is pathological; they promote tolerance for what they call neurodiversity. [29] However, not all individuals with Asperger syndrome will approach others. [29], Stereotyped and repetitive motor behaviors are a core part of the diagnosis of AS and other ASDs. Asperger’s syndrome (uncountable) ( uncountable , neurology ) An autism -related developmental disorder characterised by sustained impairment in social interaction and nonverbal communication and by repetitive behaviour as well as restricted interests and routines. [68], Hans Asperger described common traits among his patients' family members, especially fathers, and research supports this observation and suggests a genetic contribution to Asperger syndrome. [13] Treatment is aimed at lowering obsessive or repetitive routines and improving communication skills and physical clumsiness. "[147] Jonathan Mitchell, an autistic author and blogger who advocates a cure for autism, has described autism as having "prevented me from making a living or ever having a girlfriend. Because of their limited fields of interest and a low emotional ability, Some may choose only to talk to people they like. [87], Diagnosis is most commonly made between the ages of four and eleven. [92][93] Adult diagnosis requires painstaking clinical examination and thorough medical history gained from both the individual and other people who know the person, focusing on childhood behavior. [70] Developmental screening during a routine check-up by a general practitioner or pediatrician may identify signs that warrant further investigation. Like other psychological development disorders, ASD begins in infancy or childhood, has a steady course without remission or relapse, and has impairments that result from maturation-related changes in various systems of the brain. Individuals with Asperger syndrome may have signs or symptoms that are independent of the diagnosis but can affect the individual or the family. There is little support for increased fight-or-flight response or failure of habituation in autism; there is more evidence of decreased responsiveness to sensory stimuli, although several studies show no differences. [21] Baron-Cohen argues that the genes for Asperger's combination of abilities have operated throughout recent human evolution and have made remarkable contributions to human history. Asperger's syndrome, Asperger disorder (AD), Asperger's, schizoid disorder of childhood. [13][103], Managing AS ideally involves multiple therapies that address core symptoms of the disorder. [108] Despite the popularity of social skills training, its effectiveness is not firmly established. mass noun. Asperger syndrome (AS), also known as Asperger's, is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by significant difficulties in social interaction and nonverbal communication, along with restricted and repetitive patterns of behavior and interests. Some people with Asperger syndrome also have mental health issues or other conditions, meaning people need different levels and types of support. It may include social skills training, cognitive behavioral therapy, medication for co-existing conditions, and other measures. People with this developmental disability may have special interests, repetitive behaviours and under or overreact to sensory input. [125] Females with autism spectrum disorders may be underdiagnosed. [125] In 1992, AS became a standard diagnosis when it was included in the tenth edition of the World Health Organization's diagnostic manual, International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10). An effective treatment program builds on the child’s interests, offers a predictable schedule, teaches tasks as a series of simple steps, actively engages the child’s attention in highly structured activities, and provides regular reinforcement of behavior. [86] and by Gillberg and Gillberg. Get the latest funding, research, and public health information from NINDS Individuals with AS often have excellent auditory and visual perception. Asperger’s Syndrome is a form of autism, which is a lifelong disability that affects how a person makes sense of the world, processes information and relates to other people. [67][68] AS is also associated with high levels of alexithymia, which is difficulty in identifying and describing one's emotions. [6], The exact cause of Asperger's is unknown. 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